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chlamydia transmission The American Academy of Pediatrics has shifted its stance on infant male circumcision, announcing on Monday that new research, including studies in Africa suggesting that the procedure may protect heterosexual men against H.I.V., indicated that the health benefits outweighed the risks.
But the academy stopped short of recommending routine circumcision for all baby boys, saying the decision remains a family matter. The academy had previously taken a neutral position on circumcision.
The new policy statement, the first update of the academy's circumcision policy in over a decade, appears in the Aug. 27 issue of the journal Pediatrics. The group's guidelines greatly influence pediatric care and decisions about coverage by insurers; in the new statement, the academy also said that circumcision should be covered by insurance.
The long-delayed policy update comes as sentiment against circumcision is gaining strength in the United States and parts of Europe. Circumcision rates in the United States declined to 54.5 percent in 2009 from 62.7 percent in 1999, according to one federal estimate. Critics succeeded last year in placing a circumcision ban on the ballot in San Francisco, but a judge ruled against including the measure.
In Europe, a government ethics committee in Germany last week overruled a court decision that removing a child's foreskin was "grievous bodily harm" and therefore illegal. The country's Professional Association of Pediatricians called the ethics committee ruling "a scandal."
A provincial official in Austria has told state-run hospitals in the region to stop performing circumcisions, and the Danish authorities have commissioned a report to investigate whether medical doctors are present during religious circumcision rituals as required.
Officials with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, which for several years have been pondering circumcision recommendations of their own, have yet to weigh in and declined to comment on the academy’s new stance. Medicaid programs in several states have stopped paying for the routine circumcision of infants.
"We're not pushing everybody to circumcise their babies," Dr. Douglas S. Diekema, a member of the academy’s task force on circumcision and an author of the new policy, said in an interview. "This is not really pro-circumcision. It falls in the middle. It’s pro-choice, for lack of a better word. Really, what we’re saying is, 'This ought to be a choice that's available to parents.' ”
But opponents of circumcision say no one — not even a well-meaning parent — has the right to make the decision to remove a healthy body part from another person.
chlamydia transmission is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in Finland and the number of reported cases is growing by the year.
Experts say the roughly 14,000 new annual infections are mainly contracted inside the country’s borders. Fifteen years ago, new infections numbered around 9,000.
Pekka Ruuska from the infectious disease unit at Kainuu Central Hospital says men are more likely to notice signs of infection than women, who may mistake symptoms for menstruation cramps. In some women chlamydia can cause complications leading to infertility.
In Finland, the STD is most prevalent among 15-24 year-old women and 20-29 year-old men.
Women are twice as often diagnosed with the disease than men.
you. PM/PMA Selling price Study
Pentaerythritol suppliers, this PM/PMA areas fluctuated inside a skinny selection. This PM/PMA top rates around H1, 2017 have been RMB 12, 100/mt and also RMB ten, 100/mt respectively (around February 15), as you move the PM/PMA bottom level rates around H1, 2017 have been RMB ten, 000/mt (H2 April-late Jun) and also RMB in search of, 000/mt (late Jun) respectively. This PM common selling price around Distance Tiongkok has been RMB ten, 475/mt, that is upward a few. 41% by H2, 2016 or perhaps eighteen. 25% by H1, 2016. This PMA common selling price has been RMB in search of, 548/mt, that is upward couple of. 92% by H2, 2016 or perhaps 7. 82% by H1, 2016.
Cycle A single: This PM/PMA areas elevated a bit by Jan for you to H1 Feb, 2017. The lawyer, plenty of PM/PMA industrial facilities decreased working fee and also section of industrial facilities started off models upkeep. This cause of PM/PMA has been tiny within the area market place. On the other hand, this industrial facilities share has been upward, along with the downstream market place has been plain and simple. The second is, propylene oxide (PO) selling price continuing improving and also industrial facilities written estimates adopted this upward tendency when using the assist associated with creation price. Therefore, this settlement rates elevated little by little. Third, around H2 Jan, this downstream industrial facilities halted promoting things towards market place. This PM/PMA fundamental secures grew to become tiny. On the other hand, PM/PMA market place has been even now from a large amount, because PO selling price has been corporation.
Cycle A pair of: This PM/PMA areas lowered a bit by H2 Feb for you to H1 Strut, 2017. This models around industrial facilities restarted soon after Planting season Festivity, along with the give elevated. The lawyer, this models around downstream industrial facilities initiated to operate. On the other hand, stimulated by means of reduced heat range and also NPC&CPPCC, this need to get PM/PMA increased bit by bit along with the PM/PMA areas have been drained. The second is, this supply-demand associated with PO has been unbalanced. This PO selling price lowered substantially. This cumulative drop has been RMB couple of, 000/mt within just thirty days to weeks. Usually, PM/PMA areas lowered a bit. Should the PO rates elevated or perhaps lowered significantly, this PM/PMA selling price has been confined chemical price trend chart.
Cycle About three: This PM/PMA rates fluctuated downhill by H2, Strut for you to later Summer, because PO rates fluctuated usually. This assist associated with creation price has been confined for you to PM/PMA market place, along with the complete give has been ripped. This need to get PM/PMA has been reduced along with the PM/PMA market place has been gentle. This gamers have been bearish regarding the market place along with the well known settlement selling price fluctuated downhill.
couple of. Cause of PM/PMA
This PM/PMA working fee has been ripped, and also several industrial facilities halted providing or perhaps have been from a reduced working fee. Based on data, cause of PM around Offshore market place has been all over 1610kt, whilst Offshore PMA complete give has been 1320kt.
a few. Need to get PM/PMA
Section of shell industrial facilities structured for you to convert stimulated by ecosystem safeguards plans around 2017. On the other hand, PM/PMA are widely-used because natural fabric associated with cosolvent and also coalescents around shell sector. Hence improving shell result provides confined relation to PM/PMA result.
four. Predicted
PM/PMA areas can change inside a skinny selection. The lawyer, around give aspect, this working fee are going to be natural, and also models around several industrial facilities are going to be closed or perhaps carry out upkeep. This cause of PM/PMA are going to be great. The second is, widely used aspect, this PM/PMA away year is definitely come together Q3, 2017. Gamers are going to be bearish regarding the downstream market place. On the other hand, September and also August is also the common top periods associated with PM/PMA. Third, around natural fabric aspect, this PO rates can change usually and also switch fee are going to be large. Usually, it can be probable the PM/PMA market place are going to be range-bound along with the complete PM/PMA selling price can adhere to this PO selling price.
This Offshore Shell Result, Jan-May, 2017 (Unit: kt)
Area Jan-May, 2017 Jan-May, 2016 Y-O-Y
Guangzhou 1, 605. 2 1, 429. 4 +12. 29%
Jiangsu 952. 3 886. 8 +7. 39%
Shanghai 901. 4 758. 4 +18. 85%
Sichuan 543. 9 567. 8 -4. 21%
Hunan 508. 9 476. 1 +6. 90%
Henan 433. 0 397. 5 +8. 94%
Shandong 393. 8 383. 1 +2. 79%
Hebei 355. 1 271. 1 +30. 99%
Fujian 352. 8 314. 9 +12. 05%
Zhejiang 337. 2 318. 9 +5. 74%
China 7, 717. 2 7, 067. 6 +9. 19%